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Marakushev, A.A., and Marakushev,
S.A., 2010. Fluid evolution of the Earth and origin of the biosphere. In:
Florinsky, I.V. (Ed.), Man and the Geosphere.
Nova Science Publishers, New York, pp. 3–31. The endogenous evolution of the Earth,
controlled by impulses of fluid degassing from the liquid core, is
responsible for a special evolutionary direction, which may be called
“hydrogen–hydrocarbon–organic”. It starts with the appearance of hydrocarbon
features of deep-seated magma chambers, the evolution of which is combined
with the formation of the Earth’s crust depressions. Such features result
from the development of alkali trends in the magmatism as indicated by
hydrocarbon inclusions in early-generation minerals of alkali rocks. Their
formation is controlled by the disproportionation reactions in fluids accompanying magmatism. Upward
migration of hydrocarbons from magma chambers causes their access to the
surface and accumulation in the Earth’s crust including gas and oil deposits
in sedimentary basins on the continental frames of the oceans and marginal
seas. Oxidizing environments of near-surface structures provide separation of
water from them, and the formation of their types depleted in hydrogen:
acetylene, benzene, and their derivates. Reactions of the formation and
transformation of hydrocarbons are accompanied by dehydration, which is an
endothermic endogenous process. With cooling, there is not enough energy for
its proceeding. This results in the development of the opposite processes of
hydration and oxidation of hydrocarbon leading to abiogenic generation of
organic compounds. Organic compounds and hydrocarbons are correlated by their
hydrogen numbers illustrating their common origin. The differences in oxygen
concentration reflect the distribution of organic compounds by oxidizing
facies. The main regularity of the entrance of organic compounds in the C–H–O
system is illustrated by their position on crossing of connodes connecting
the compositions of primitive compounds with each other and hydrocarbons.
This reflects their mutual relations, because their compositions are formed
and duplicated by successive joining of reaction products to the earlier
formed matter with the formation of polymers. They outline reactions between
the components of fluids, successive joining of which produces multi-carbonic
organic compounds. Thus, the formation of ethylene glycol results from the
combination of the reactions of ethane oxidation and benzene (acetylene)
hydration. The systems of organic substance generation differ in the type of
components acting on the hydrocarbon compounds: oxygen (C–H–O), nitrogen
(C–H–N), oxygen–nitrogen (C–H–O–N), and water and phosphoric (C–HN–H2O–P2O5).
There are also concepts on prebiological peptide nucleic acids. This suggests
that qualitatively new “complexes of life” may appear during interaction of
abiotic inorganic precursors with organic nucleic acids and peptides
(nucleotides and amino acids). This allows us to pay special attention to it
considering the problem of origin and evolution of the biosphere, which, in
our opinion, was formed and developed because of the influence of uprising
hydrocarbon–organic plumes on the hydrosphere.
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